Unit 2… Binary/Data Terms

Bits: A given byte contains either bits or a code. A designation of 'bits' means that each individual bit has its own meaning, independent of the meaning of other bits in the byte

bits = 8 # 8 bits in a byte

Bytes: a group of binary digits or bits (usually eight) operated on as a unit.

bytes = 1024 # 1 kilobyte

Hexadecimal / Nibbles: In communications, a nibble is sometimes referred to as a quadbit. As with any nibble, the quadbit is 4 bits and has 16 possible combinations.

hex_val = 0xFF # 255 in hexadecimal
nibble_val = 0b1111 # 15 in binary

Binary Numbers: According to digital electronics and mathematics, a binary number is defined as a number that is expressed in the binary system or base 2 numeral system. It describes numeric values by two separate symbols; 1 (one) and 0 (zero)

Unsigned Integer: Unsigned Integers (often called "uints") are just like integers (whole numbers) but have the property that they don't have a + or - sign associated with them. Thus they are always non-negative (zero or positive)

unsigned_int = 45 # 45 in binary

Signed Integer: positive, negative, whole number, or zero

signed_int = -45 # -45 in binary

Floating Point: A floating point number, is a positive or negative whole number with a decimal point.

float_val = 3.14 # 3.14 in binary

Binary Data Abstractions: Boolean: a binary variable, having two possible values called “true” and “false.”

boolean_val = True # True in binary

ASCII: ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most common character encoding format for text data in computers and on the internet.

ascii_val = ord('A') # 65 in binary

Unicode: an international encoding standard for use with different languages and scripts, by which each letter, digit, or symbol is assigned a unique numeric value that applies across different platforms and programs.

unicode_val = ord('👨‍👩‍👧‍👦') # 128103 in binary

RGB: red, green, and blue RGB (red, green, and blue) refers to a system for representing the colors to be used on a computer display.

rgb_val = (255, 0, 0) # 255 red in binary

Data Compression: Data compression is a reduction in the number of bits needed to represent data.

Lossy: involving or causing some loss of data. Lossy compression is a way of getting even smaller squeezed files than lossless.

lossy_val = 0.5 # 50% of data lost

Lossless (not discussed yet)

lossless_val = 0 # 0% of data lost

Unit 3… Algorithm/Programming Terms

Variables: A variable is a symbolic name for a value that can be changed, depending on the conditions of a program.
```
#Variables
#Declaring a variable in Python
name = "John"
```
Data Types: Data types are the classification or categorization of data items. Examples of data types include integers, floating point numbers, characters, strings, and Boolean values.

#Data Types
#Creating an integer
integer_example = 5
#Creating a float
float_example = 3.14
#Creating a Boolean
boolean_example = True
#Creating a string
string_example = "Hello World"

Assignment Operators:Assignment operators are used to assign a value to a variable. Examples include the =, +=, -=, *=, and /= operators.

#Assignment Operators
#Assigning the value of a variable
x = 5
#Adding to a variable
x += 5
#Subtracting from a variable
x -= 5

Lists: A list is an ordered collection of data items. Items in a list are separated by commas and are enclosed in square brackets.

#Managing Complexity with Variables: Lists
#Creating a list
list_example = [1, 2, 3]
#Adding an element to a list
list_example.append(4)

2D Lists: A two-dimensional list is a list of lists. Each list inside the 2D list is a row, and each item in the row is a column.
```
#Creating a 2D list
list_example_2d = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
```
Dictionaries: A dictionary is a data type that maps keys to values. Items in a dictionary are separated by commas and are enclosed in curly braces.
```
#Creating a dictionary
dict_example = {'name': 'John', 'age': 29}
```
Classes: A class is a code template that is used to create objects. It is a blueprint of an object and is used to define the properties and methods of an object.
```
#Creating a class
class Car:
def __init__(self, make, model):
 self.make = make
 self.model = model
```
Algorithms: An algorithm is a set of instructions or steps used to solve a problem.
```
#Creating a sequence
sequence_example = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
```
Sequence: A sequence is a set of instructions that are performed in the same order.
```
#Creating a sequence
sequence_example = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
```
Selection: Selection is a process of choosing an appropriate path or action based on a given condition.
```
#Creating a selection
selection_example = [i for i in sequence_example if i % 2 == 0]
```
Iteration: Iteration is the process of repeating a sequence of instructions until a certain condition is met.
```
#Creating an iteration
for i in sequence_example:
print(i)
```
Expressions: An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators that evaluates to a single value.
Comparison Operators: Comparison operators are used to compare two values. Examples include the >, <, ==, and != operators.
```
#Creating a comparison operator
x = 5
y = 6
x_less_than_y = x < y
```
Booleans Expressions and Selection: Boolean expressions are expressions that evaluate to either true or false. They are used to control selection statements.
```
#Creating a Boolean expression
my_bool = True
```
Booleans Expressions and Iteration: Boolean expressions are used to control looping statements such as while and for loops.
Truth Tables: A truth table is a table that shows the truth values of a logical expression.
```
#Creating a truth table
truth_table = {
True: 'Yes',
False: 'No'
}
```
Characters: A character is a single letter, number, or symbol.

Strings: A string is a sequence of characters.

#Creating a string
string_example = "Hello World"

Length: The length of a string is the number of characters it contains.

#Calculating the length of a string
string_example_length = len(string_example)

Concatenation: Concatenation is the process of combining two strings together to form a single string.
```
#Concatenating two strings
concatenated_string = string_example + "!"
```
Upper: Upper is a method that converts all the characters of a string to uppercase.
```
#Changing a string to upper case
upper_string = string_example.upper()
```
Lower: Lower is a method that converts all the characters of a string to lowercase.
```
#Changing a string to lower case
lower_string = string_example.lower()
```
Traversing Strings: Traversing a string means to access each character of the string in sequence.
```
#Traversing a string
for char in string_example:
print(char)
```
Python If, Elif, Else conditionals: Python If, Elif and Else statements are used to control the flow of the program based on a certain condition.
```
#Creating a simple if statement
if x < 10:
print("x is less than 10")
```
Nested Selection Statements: Nested selection statements are selection statements that are nested inside of other selection statements.
```
#Creating a nested selection statement
if x > 5:
if x < 10:
print("x is between 5 and 10")
```
Python For, While loops with Range: Python For, While loops with Range: The Python For and While loops are used to iterate over a range of values.
```
#Creating a for loop with a range
for i in range(10):
print(i)
```
Python For, While loops with List: The Python For and While loops are used to iterate over a list of values.
```
#Creating a for loop with a list
for item in list_example:
print(item)
```
Combining loops with conditionals to Break, Continue: Combining loops with conditionals can be used to break out of a loop or continue to the next iteration of the loop. ```python #Creating a for loop with a break for i in range(10): if i == 5: break print(i)

Creating a for loop with a continue

for i in range(10): if i == 5: continue print(i)

29. <mark>Procedural Abstraction:</mark> Procedural abstraction is the process of breaking a problem down into smaller, more manageable parts.
```python
def add_

Python Def procedures: A Python Def procedure is a function that is defined using the Python Def keyword.
Parameters: Parameters are the variables that are passed to a function.
Return Values: Return values are the values that a function returns once it has been executed.

Procedural Abstraction, Python Def procedures, Parameters, Return